Concepts learned in International Relations Essay

Concepts learned in International Relations - Essay Example the ‘national interest’ is captured in the image of a social evolutionary process that predetermines a series of associated connotations and denotations of an otherwise natural phenomenon (Trubovitz, 1998, p.3). The individualistic view of ‘what’s good’ is truly based on the concept of private benefit while social good or benefit is located in a larger context that even encompasses international interests. It’s against this backdrop that American national interest as against international collective benefit ought to be examined. Concepts such as ‘absolute good’ and ‘relative good’ in a politically charged environment of conflict between ideologies are more relevant and highly feasible though definitions of them might vary according to biases and prejudices of individuals who seek to interpret them. Social issues of conflict and ideological differences deserve more attention in a study of international relations than a superficial analysis of consequences thereof. Theoretical underpinnings of social transformation in an international relations context focus attention on the inevitable concept of conflict between private interests and public interests. By extension it’s the same conflict between national interests of the individual nation state and the collective interests of the international community at large. The subsequent developments that unfold as the conflict evolves into a multifaceted phenomenon bear a closer semblance to those social issues such as ideological differences, social biases and prejudices, ethnic and religious interests and societal mores or value systems. At an international level the macrocosmic phenomenon though might assume a diversity and a complexity that has little parallel in conflicts within the boundaries of a nation state. The theoretical rigor with which the polemical issues in interstate relations are treated generates a greater degree of enthusiasm in the conflict and its impact on such relations. While

The Adventure of the Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Adventure of the Speckled Band Essay It is fear; it is terror that sent me to London today. I was so agitated my face is surely drawn and grey with restless, frightened eyes because I have been unable to sleep for many a week now. I explained my sickening worries to Mr Holmes. He seemed very kind, knowledgeable and understanding which comforted me immensely. As before I felt like a hunted animal without knowing my stalker.  I good few years ago a good a friend of mine Mrs Farintosh had Mr Holmes remedy a problem of hers. This is where I got the idea to go and find him in London. My stepfather, always a difficult man, has become increasingly erratic, making me nervous and on edge anyway. My concerns started two days ago when I had to sleep in my sisters room as repairs had started in mine. My darling sister died in this bed. How I could I be expected to feel. Shudders of racking fear coursed through my veins. Indeed I would rather sleep anywhere but here .Sleep was far away last night but my sluggish senses could not fail to hear a low whistle. I can be certain it must have been the same sound my bewildered sister heard the night she died. Instinctively I reached for my lamp but I swear to God there was nothing there. Sleep eluded me from then on but at first light I made my way to London, praying that Mr Holmes could help me. He made me tell my story as best I could. At first I found the telling easy as we talked of times long ago when Dr Roylett was married to my dear mother.  Discussing how he seemed to lose his mind after my mothers passing was not so easy, but the worst was putting in to words the last few hours of my sisters life. That night we girls sat talking in my room, mainly of her approaching wedding. As she turned to enter her room she asked me the strangest question Tell me Helen, have you ever heard someone whistling in the dead of night? We discussed this and I suggested that it must have been the gypsies in the plantation. As usual we locked ourselves into our bedrooms because of the nature of the Drs Pets. I will never, ever forget that night. I had a feeling of premonition; a vague feeling of impending misfortune which I can only presume was because my sister and I are twins, with such links that are well known. The wind was howling and splashing against the windows. Amid all the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. I knew that it was my sisters voice. I ran to her room and caught her before she fell to the floor. She writhed as one in who is in terrible pain and her limbs were dreadfully convulsed. I shall forget her final words, It was the band! The speckled band! We tried to revive her with brandy, for my stepfather had now arrived but she slowly sank and died. There was nothing more to do.  I feel some relief from pressure now that I have shared this story with Mr Holmes. I pray that he will be able to solve the mystery of my darling sister death.

Induction of Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase Gene Expression

Induction of Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase Gene Expression Induction of aminolevulinic acid synthase gene expression, down-regulation ferrochelatase and enhancement of metabolite, protoporphyrin IX, excretion by co-therapy with isoniazid and rifampicin (1. Isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver injury by regulating 5-aminolevulinate synthase and ferrochelatase and enhancing protoporphyrin IX 2. Mechanism of rifampicin and isoniazid induced cell death in L-02 cell line and mice) Abstract Isoniazid(INH) and rifampicin(RFP) are first-line antituberculosis drugs, co-therapy with INH and RFP is highly effective. However, the combination of these two drugs frequently cause liver injury or liver failure in humans. The risk of hepatotoxicity is considerably higher in patients receiving both RFP and INH than in those receiving either RFP or INH alone. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanism of injury after isoniazid or rifampicin used in various animal models, however, the important mechanism for the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin in humans remains unclear. Here we investigated this combination induced hepatotoxicity using L-02 cells and mice. Introduction Tuberculosis remains a global public health problem whose effects have major impact in developing countries. World Health Organization estimates that there were 8.6 million new TB cases in 2012 and 1.3 million TB deaths. The currently recommended treatment for new cases of drug-susceptible TB is a six-month regimen of four first-line drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. (Global tuberculosis report 2013). However, the combination of isoniazid(INH) and rifampicin(RFP) frequently cause liver injury or liver failure. The risk of hepatotoxicity is considerably higher in patients receiving the combination than in those receiving either RFP or INH alone. The mechanisms leading to liver failure in humans were poorly understood. Recently, a new mechanism ,independent of INH metabolism, is found in the RFP and INH co-therapy induced liver injury. Li et al. (Li, et al. 2013) found that co-therapy with RFP and INH targets porphyrin biosynthesis and results in hepatic protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation and liver injury . PPIX is an intermediate in porphyrin biasynthesis. Normally the concentrations of PPIX is very low in the liver. However, in some cases the concentration abnormally elevated in blood and liver, such as erythropoietic protoporphyria. High concentrations of PPIX in the liver are known to cause liver injury (Anstey and Hift 2007; Casanova-Gonzalez, et al. 2010). Using hPXR mice, Li et al. demonstrated that the accumulation of endogenous PPIX is through PXR-mediated transcriptional activations of aminolevulinic synthase-1(ALAS1) genes. ALAS1 is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis in the liver and is drug-responsive, providing heme for CYPs and other hemoproteinsis. Activation of PXR can up regulate ALAS1 expression in liver (Fraser, et al. 2003). RFP upregulate ALAs1 increasing heme-biosynthesis in the liver and overproducing PPIX through activating PXR signalling pathway. However, PPIX accumulation strongly suggests that ferrochelatase became a ratelimiting enzyme during INH-RFP treatment (Lyoumi, et al. 2013). Ferrochelatase (FECH) ,the final enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyses ferrous iron inserted into precursor porphyrin protoporphyrin IX to form heme, and when defective or deficient, causing accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. Ferrochelatase is active in cells that produce 80% heme in the bone marrow (Bloomer, et al. 1991) and the rest in hepatocytes (Bonkowsky, et al. 1975). The excess protoporphyrinIX becomes insoluble in bile and exerts cholestatic effects leading to architectural changes in the hepatobiliary system ranging from mild inflammation to fibrosis and cirrhosis (Anstey and Hift 2007). MATERIALS AND METHODS PI staining L-02 were allowed to adhere on glass bottom dishs for 4h, followed by INH,RFP or INH/RFP. The medium was removed after h and cells were stained with for 30 min. Nuclei were stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and images were recorded with a fluorescence microscope. Western blotting L-02 cells cultured in flask were harvested using 0.25% trypsin (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass). After centrifugation at 1000r and lysis using buffer for Western blotting (), total proteins were collected by following the kit instructions. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (). After heating at 95 °C for 5 minutes in sample buffer, proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE using 10% polyacrylamide gels before electroblotting onto PVDFmembrane(). Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation for 2 hours in 5% (w/v) nonfat milk. The following primary antibodies were used overnight at 4 °C: Rabbit anti-human FECH antibody(; 1:1000); Rabbit anti-human ALAs1 antibody( 1:500); Rabbit anti-human BCRP antibody(; 1:500). Bound antibodies were detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co. LTD). Finally, the membranes were visualized by chemiluminescence. RNA Isolation and Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction for ALAs1 and FECH Cell Culture L-02 cells, a human fetal hepatocyte line, purchased from Cell Bank of Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, purchased from Shanghai, China, were cultured according to the manufacturer’s instructions 15 at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Cell culture materials were procured from Corning() Discussion Nevertheless, the ability of chemicals to activate PXR is species dependent. RFP is a human PXR specific activator that weakly affect on mouse (Lehmann, et al. 1998). INH hepatotoxicity is thought to be dependent on metabolic activation by arylamine N-acetyltransferase and CYP2E1, but Li found AcHZ and hydrazine do not cause INH-related hepatotoxicity. Hepatic heme synthesis leading to protoporphyria and possible impact with other metabolic systems (Davies, et al. 2005). References Primary Sources Secondary Sources Uncategorized References Anstey, A. V., and R. J. Hift,  2007, Liver disease in erythropoietic protoporphyria: insights and implications for management. Postgrad Med J 83(986):739-48. Bloomer, J. R., et al.  1991, Heme synthesis in protoporphyria. Curr Probl Dermatol 20:135-47. Bonkowsky, H. L., et al. 1975, Heme synthetase deficiency in human protoporphyria. Demonstration of the defect in liver and cultured skin fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 56(5):1139-48. Casanova-Gonzalez, M. J., et al.  2010, Liver disease and erythropoietic protoporphyria: a concise review. World J Gastroenterol 16(36):4526-31. Davies, R., et al.  2005, Hepatic gene expression in protoporphyic Fech mice is associated with cholestatic injury but not a marked depletion of the heme regulatory pool. Am J Pathol 166(4):1041-53. Fraser, D. J., A. Zumsteg, and U. A. Meyer,  2003, Nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor activate a drug-responsive enhancer of the murine 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase gene. J Biol Chem 278(41):39392-401. Lehmann, J. M., et al.  1998, The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest 102(5):1016-23. Li, F., et al.  2013, Human PXR modulates hepatotoxicity associated with rifampicin and isoniazid co-therapy. Nat Med 19(4):418-20. Lyoumi, S., et al.  2013, PXR-ALAS1: a key regulatory pathway in liver toxicity induced by isoniazid-rifampicin antituberculosis treatment. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 37(5):439-41.

Violence in Video Games Essay -- Papers Violent Cause Effect Gaming Es

Violence in Video Games Do video games containing violence spark people of today to commit violent acts? Violence in video games are blamed for some of todays violent crimes. Some people believe that these crimes are committed due to playing a video game. Others believe that video games are a easy excuse for the violent acts, and keep America from looking deeper into the minds of people committing these acts. Video games are also thought to be a good way to take out some hostility. In Bernard Cesarone?s piece, ?Violence in Video Games,? it is shown that Nintendo itself sold over 10.4 million systems and 69 million video games. Cesarone also stated more than 33 million people own a Nintendo system presently. Ceserone mentioned that in the year 2000 the video game industry will make 6 billion dollars. Each household in the U.S. owns a video game playing device on average, and for those who do not own a game playing device, many are able to be played by the public in stores and arcades, states Cesarone. It is also know that video games do contain violence. Mike Snider?s piece, ?Violent Video Games With in Kids Reach,? shows researchers to find that 70% of 150 games studied did contain high levels of violence. Violence is put into games in different forms; punching, biting, kicking, and shooting with various weapons. Although it may not be the main objective to do these violent acts in all games it is awarded in many with points. Even sport games, which were fairly free of violence in early video game days, have found a way to make violence part of the games. Gary Baum?s piece ?Virtual Morality? emphasizes that 27% of games show violence upon females. Death and killing are all parts of video games today. When vi... ...ame can cause an act of violence. I do believe there may be some connection between violence in video games. Even though there are gradings for the games people under the age of playing a certain game may have access to it anyway. Games are blamed for violent acts as was rock-n-roll in early days. If people do the things they see in mass-media for the simple fact they witnessed them, those people need help whether it were video games or any other form of mass media which sparked a violent act. For that reason video games can not be made a sole violence creator. Perhaps they do give a child a wide imagination, which also can be a good thing or bad. I believe these games may give people ideas of a violent nature as do t.v. and other sources of mass-media, but in the end I believe it is more than the game which makes them actually do these violent asinine acts.

Character Analysis of Rose Essay

August Wilson’s Fences is a story of an African American family, primarily centered around Troy Maxson and his difficulties as a black man in a predominantly white society. The story focuses on many themes and puts an emphasis on the relationships between Troy and his family. As the story revolves around Troy, we see that many of the decisions he made start to affect those around him and the relationships of his friends, family, and loved ones slowly disintegrate. One of the most prominent relationships that were destroyed was the marriage between Troy Maxson and his wife Rose Maxson. Loving, caring and understanding, Rose in August Wilson’s Fences is a character that remains a strong woman for her family despite the issues in her household. With Rose in Fences, she is a mother that exhibits strength and sacrifice, as she puts her own needs aside for the well-being of her family. As the play moves forward we see that Troy’s decisions concerning marriage, infideli ty, and family slowly shatters the relationship with Rose and directly affects her role as a housewife, mother, and woman. In the beginning of Fences, Rose is identified as Troy’s wife as â€Å"her devotion to him stems from her recognition of the possibilities of her without him,† (Kirszner and Mandell 1114). Here she introduced during the conversation between Troy and Bono and states that without Troy, Rose wouldn’t have what she does now and she would be leading a worse life; which she also recognizes. 1 Based on her introduction alone, her identity stems from the fact that she is married to Troy. During this time Rose, as a character, is not seen for her character traits or personality, yet she is already given the label of ‘housewife’. This label is further reinforced by the introduction of Act 1, Scene 2 where the scene begins with Rose hanging clothes and singing softly to herself. After she sees Troy, she follows up with â€Å"’Morning, You ready for breakfast? I can fix it soon as I finish hanging up these clothes?† (Kirszner and Mandell 1122). In this scene, she is shown as the regular housewife; cooking food, doing laundry, etc. Her role and identity here is defined by her marriage with Troy through her actions and dialogue as she is expected to play her role as the wife and typically cook food for  the family while tending to other household chores. As the play moves forward, Rose maintains the static role of housewife despite Troy’s treatment towards Cory and actions of infidelity. Infidelity, adultery, extramarital sex, unfaithfulness, cheating. These actions are all of the same and are all abhorred. In marital relationships, it is commonly assumed that both partners remain exclusive although this is not always met. So when Rose comes to find out that her husband, Troy, has been cheating on her and his mistress is now pregnant, she is absolutely devastated. The marriage between Rose and Troy has been destroyed. After this, Rose’s role as a woman and wife start to connect. In Act Two, when confronting Troy, Rose talks about her life and marriage as she compares it to planting when she says â€Å"I took all my feelings, my wants and needs, my dreams and I buried them inside you . . . I planted myself inside you and waited to bloom. And it didn’t take me no eighteen years to find out the soil was hard and rocky and it wasn’t never gonna bloom. But I held on to you, Troy. I held you tighter. You was my husband.† (Kirszner and Mandell 11 47). When Rose told Troy that she took her feelings, wants, needs and dreams and 2 buried them inside him, she was telling him that she’d given her life for their marriage and their family. She put his needs and the needs of their children consistently over hers. Here it is understood that Rose sacrificed herself and her identity for the sake of marriage. But as she noted, there was never a bloom. In Rose’s day and age, it was uncommon for women to stand up for themselves. When she found that her husband had impregnated Alberta, she told him that she would no longer live with him as his wife with â€Å"But you a womanless man,† (Kirszner and Mandell 1151) and they lived separate lives. When Alberta died, Rose adopted Troy’s daughter as her own, and took care of her, only allowing Troy to provide for them as Rose ended up accepting the role of mother. After the affair and the birth of Raynell, Rose’s role as a mother will stay static. She will still care for and nurture Raynell. But before that happens, many aspects of herself change. During this time, we start to see  Rose waver from the role of housewife and begin to identify as a woman and a person herself. When Rose stands up to Troy, her identity as a wife starts to diminish. Rose tells Troy, â€Å"And you know I ain’t never wanted no half nothing in my family. My whole family is half. Everybody got different fathers and mothers my two sisters and my brother. Can’t hardly tell who’s who. Can’t never sit down and talk about Papa and Mama. It’s your papa and your mama and my papa and my mama.† (Kirszner and Mandell 1145). At this point, we start viewing Rose for her beliefs and see her as a person; not Troy’s wife. We see that she had needs and wants as well. Rose wanted family and she wanted to keep her family together, which was torn apart after Troy’s affair. This affair also helps her identify more as an independent woman now. Following the affair, Rose becomes cold towards Troy as she tells him that â€Å"Your dinner’s on the stove. All you have to do is heat it up,† and then leaves the house to do what she wants. Troy is asking questions here, but not receiving answers as his â€Å"wife† leaves. In Fences, Rose’s relationship with Troy diminishes with every decision that he makes. These decisions start to affect the characters and change their roles in the household. Rose stays as a mother, but is no longer a wife. She becomes her own person, with beliefs, and starts thinking of herself. She makes a stand for herself and her family and realized where she went wrong in her marriage after Troy’s death. She told Cory that she’d made the mistake of not making Troy think of her. â€Å"When your daddy walked through the house he was so big he filled it up. That was my first mistake. Not to make him leave some room for me,† (Kirszner and Mandell 1160). Rose gave up love for comfort as she followed up with â€Å"But at that time I wanted that. I wanted a house that I could sing in. And that’s what your daddy gave me,† (Kirszner and Mandell 1160) and soon her identity was established after their marriage as wife because â€Å"that’s w hat life offered me in a way of being a woman,† (Kirszner and Mandell 1160). Based on her needs, wants, and beliefs, Rose could have been her own person from the beginning. But she didn’t do that; she married Troy to become wife and mother. For her then, her marriage with Troy was her entire identity. But afterwards Troy’s decisions for his family and himself helped make Rose develop into a more rounded character.

Why Was the Irish Revolution of 1919-21?

On December 6 1921 the Anglo-Irish treaty was drafted and signed by representatives of both the Irish and British Governments. After centuries of bitter feuding involving both sides the British Government was for the first time to offer the Irish independence. In this essay I seek to outline how the Irish revolution of 1919 and 1921 was successful in achieving Irish independence. Richard English says, â€Å"There had never been any chance of a formal military victory†¦ nor in practice of the British recognising an Irish republic. [1] If English is right to say this then how did the Irish manage to gain independence when the odds were stacked against them both militarily and politically? I believe that independence was reached for a number of reasons to be discussed in more detail later. These factors can be divided into the two crucial areas of political and military. Politically, there was a list of British failures including the negative publicity attracted by the revolution at home, pressure from America and the Government of Ireland Act. Failures only exacerbated by political achievements on the Irish side.Such as De Valera’s trip to the U. S to canvass American support for the revolution plus the establishment of Dail Eireann and its de facto courts. The next section of the essay will be based on the military issues. Was the revolution’s success down to Britain’s failures or Ireland’s triumph of military tactics? Military mistakes were made on the British side which nullified the fact that they had a vastly superior army. The harsh reprisals in nationalist territories for example stoked tensions unnecessarily. A large part of the revolutions success could be attributed to the military strengths of the IRA.With Michael Collins at the head the IRA was extremely strong tactically and used guerrilla warfare to great effect. The also had a mass intelligence system to rival any according to figures like Thomas Bowden for instanc e. Although some historians such as Peter Hart try to unravel the legend of Michael Collins and believe he did not have quite as big a role in the war as many would later claim. Political In order for the revolution to work the IRA had to defeat Britain politically and in a propaganda war as well as militarily.It has to be noted that as far back as 1916 the Irish public had no interest in a revolting. The men who took part in the Easter Rising were looked upon as villains in the immediate aftermath not heroes. It was political failure that allowed such a dramatic swing in public opinion to take place. The harsh treatment of the rebels was the turning point in Irish popular opinion. It formed the motivation for many who joined the IRA during the revolution becoming a superb propaganda tool for the republican cause. With each execution of the men who took part in Ireland the fury grew.A student in the University College of Dublin Barry once studied remarked, â€Å"I never experienced anything like this surging fury with the news produced in everyone. †[2] Later in the interview the student claims that there was notable rejoice when three Englishmen were shot for every Irishman hung. Primary quotes like this go some way to showing the feelings of resentment caused through Britain’s political own goals that multiplied the supporters of an armed revolution in a matter of days. It was not only public opinion in Ireland that was affected by the mistakes of the British administration.Public opinion in Britain throughout the revolution had reached a low. Many normal British citizens were horrified by what they saw as atrocities going on in their name. A sketch of opinion at the time can be viewed in a report of the Labour commission to Ireland in 1921. The report claims that the results of a government policy of reprisals on the people manifests in three main ways they are health economic and spirit. The report states, â€Å"months of oppression, coercio n, and physical violence cannot but have far reaching effects upon the people who suffer under them. The Labour party believed at the time that British Government policy was to the detriment of the economy both in Ireland and in Britain. While the armed forces â€Å"provocative behaviour† was only creating â€Å"a new bitterness of spirit† among the people. Perhaps a concluding line from the document may sum up the thoughts and fears of many in Britain. â€Å"Things are being done in the name of Britain which must make her name stink in the nostrils of the whole world†[3] A crucial failure of British policy was the Government of Ireland Act passed in 1920.The Act was to create two subordinate parliaments one in Belfast and one in Dublin. The Belfast Parliament comprised of the same six counties that would later make up Northern Ireland. The Act was ignored in the twenty six counties but the Dail was powerless to prevent its operation in the North. Ronan Fanning believes that the Act later caused the British to give away more independence than previously hoped by the very fact it had Ireland divided into separate legislative bodies never an intention of the Act. Britain continually faced U. S pressure to solve the Irish question.Lloyd George faced constant pressure from U. S president Woodrow Wilson. It is said in Hopkinson’s book that Wilson told him until the Irish question was resolved it was bound to not only affect the relations between England and the U. S but inevitably effect the relationship of England with her colonies as well. [4] It would be wrong for one to say the Irish revolution of 1919-1921 in achieving Irish independence was all down to Britain’s failure politically. For one to do claim would do a great injustice to many strengths the Irish displayed politically before independence was achieved.Three factors to be considered here are the rise of Sinn Fein, De Valera’s canvassing of U. S support and the creation of the Dail parliament and Courts. The rise of Sinn Fein led to a radicalisation of the masses which had previously not existed in Ireland before this the majority were happy with Home Rule now it was all or nothing. When discussing this many historians would say that the rise Sinn Fein was as much if not more a consequence of Britain’s failings more than any great genius on behalf of Sinn Fein. A school of thought shared by historians including Hopkinson and Dangerfield.Dangerfield was of the belief that by not implementing Home Rule the rise of a more radical politics was unavoidable. â€Å"The point is that when the concept of Home Rule vanished†¦ Nationalist Ireland drifted into a position were only republican and revolutionary leadership became possible. †[5] Once this process had begun it was simply irreversible. Whereas Hopkinson would state that the British Government had a misplaced optimism involving Sinn Fein. They tried to suppress them by ma king many arrests which all led to propaganda victories for the party.Who could now claim they were unjustly victimised. â€Å"Like many other British politician both before and since, they believed that a few extremists were the problem and that usual order would be restored once they were dealt with. †[6] By trying to introduce conscription in Ireland Britain only managed to give Sinn Fein another boost. Townshend asserts, â€Å"In resistance to conscription, the Sinn Fein leadership found for the first time a national political issue which could mobilise the mass of the people. †[7] Not all of Sinn Fein’s rise can be blamed on the British according to Peter Hart.The party he argued was strengthened by female involvement and the support of first time female voters. De Valera’s visit to the Treaty of Versailles may not have laid to the American backed independence hoped but was beneficial in other areas. Yet despite this there was support for his cause i n America. According to Ferriter, De Valera managed to raise something in the region of $6 million between January 1920 and October 1921 a figure higher than that raised in Ireland. Ferriter asserts that to call Irish Nationalism a mass movement in the U. S by 1920 was no exaggeration.Perhaps the central political success by Ireland before eventually achieving independence was the creation of Dail Eireann on January 21 1919. An illegal parliament based in Dublin separate from British control. The Dail followed the path of which Ronan Fanning called â€Å"Sinn Fein’s unilateral solution to the age old problem of the constitutional relationship between Britain and Ireland was to deny that there was any legitimate connection. †[8] Thus it made sense that the Dail’s first law was to break with Britain. Townshend was complimentary in speaking of the decision to set up Dail Eireann. Their (nationalists) action in assembling on 21 January 1919 as Dail Eireann, the Parl iament of Ireland was in itself revolutionary. †[9] At the beginning Britain simply ignored this new parliament. They shared the same beliefs Stephen Gwynn echoed in 1921. â€Å"When the decision was taken to constitute the Irish members into an Irish parliament people were inclined to laugh. †[10] Gwynn later claimed that the fact the British Government did not initially interfere merely added unreality to the whole proceedings. Yet many believe that when Britain did interfere in 1919 in banning the Dail more harm than good came as a consequence.Arthur Mitchell says the banning of the Dail was not its end but really its making driving it underground was generally to its advantage. The fact that Dail Eireann created its own judicial system greatly undermined British rule. Ferriter points out positives and negatives of these courts. It was said, â€Å"The promptness and efficiency of the courts impressed even most unionists. †[11] Although at times reality bit as Ferriter tells us how figures such as Cathal Brugha the minister of defence had little time for courts they were a distraction from war.Military Despite all the ramifications of each side’s political manoeuvres it is highly unlikely of course the Irish revolution would ever have taken place were it not for what happened militarily. Similar to political, military could also be divided into both Britain’s failures and Irish success. How did the IRA gain a truce when they were fighting the military might of the British Empire? If English’s point earlier in the essay is to be considered the IRA could never have gained a formal military victory.Could it be a case that the British overestimated the IRA’s staying power? For the IRA’s key leader Michael Collins himself believed the IRA was close to breaking point. The British policy of reprisals was in itself a military disaster. Augustein puts the point across that, â€Å"The actual and alleged bad behav iour of the crown forces was an extremely persuasive force which caused and justified a violent response by the IRA in the eyes of men and women on all sides. †[12] Thomas Bowden is of the view that reprisals were advocated at the very top level of British intelligence.Sir Henry Wilson, chief of the Imperial General Staff was a known sponsor of these methods declaring â€Å"shoot all Irish leaders by roster. †[13] On May 21 1921, General McCready sent a memo stating, â€Å"Defeat the IRA by the summer or pullout† It is possible the general did not want to get bogged down in a guerrilla conflict in unfamiliar terrain. Though historians like Townshend believe McCready was giving too much credit to the IRA who would soon fall. While others including Hart have the view that the IRA’s organisation was such McCready was right to issue the memo.In order to achieve independence the IRA had to have been strong militarily. Much of this is put at the door of historia ns to Michael Collins held by many as a master of tactician and great exponent of guerrilla warfare. Collins is chiefly judged in history as the main man behind the revolution. One such historian is Dangerfield who complements Collins highly. â€Å"Neither Richard Mulcahy, the volunteers chief of staff, nor the Minister of defence come close to Collins, with his administrative genius, his enormous energy, his warm blooded presence, his cold and concerted purpose. [14] Strong praise for a man Peter Hart claims never held a gun post 1916. For Collins was based in Dublin mainly undertaking intelligence duties. ———————– [1] English, p29 [2] Augustein [3] Labour, pp54-56 [4] Hopkinson, p33 [5] Dangerfield, p246 [6] Hopkinson, p31 [7] Townshend, p318 [8] Fanning pp1-2 [9] Townshend, p328 [10] Gwynn, p62 [11] Ferriter, p202 [12] Augustein, ‘Motivation’ [13] Bowden, p119 [14] Dangerfield, p313

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert More than 5,000 geoglyphs- prehistoric works of art placed on or worked into the landscape- have been recorded in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile over the past thirty years. A summary of these investigations appears in a paper by Luis Briones entitled The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archaeological and artistic perspective,  published in the March 2006 issue of the journal Antiquity.   The Geoglyphs of Chile The best-known geoglyphs in the world are the Nazca lines, built between 200 BC and 800 AD, and located approximately 800 kilometers away in coastal Peru. The Chilean glyphs in the Atacama Desert are far more numerous and varied in style, cover a much larger region (150,000 km2 versus the 250 km2 of the Nazca lines), and were built between 600 and 1500 AD. Both the Nazca lines and the Atacama glyphs had multiple symbolic or ritual purposes; while scholars believe the Atacama glyphs additionally had a vital role in the transportation network connecting the great South American civilizations.Built and refined by several South American cultures- likely including Tiwanaku and Inca, as well as less-advanced groups- the widely varied geoglyphs are in geometric, animal and human forms, and in about fifty different types. Using artifacts and stylistic characteristics, archaeologists believe the earliest were first constructed during the Middle Period, beginning around 800 AD. The most recent may be associated with early Christian rites in the 16th century. Some geoglyphs are found in isolation, some are in panels of up to 50 figures. They are found on hillsides, pampas, and valley floors throughout the Atacama Desert; but they are always found near ancient pre-Hispanic trackways marking llama caravan routes through the difficult regions of the desert connecting the ancient people of South America. Types and Forms of Geoglyphs The geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert were built using three essential methods, ‘extractive’, ‘additive’ and ‘mixed’. Some, like the famous geoglyphs of Nazca, were extracted from the environment, by scraping the dark desert varnish away exposing the lighter subsoil. Additive geoglyphs were built of stones and other natural materials, sorted and carefully placed. Mixed geoglyphs were completed using both techniques  and occasionally painted as well.The most frequent type of geoglyph in the Atacama are geometric forms: circles, concentric circles, circles with dots, rectangles, crosses, arrows, parallel lines, rhomboids; all symbols found in pre-Hispanic ceramics and textiles. One important image is the stepped rhombus, essentially a staircase shape of stacked rhomboids or diamond shapes (such as in the figure).Zoomorphic figures include camelids (llamas or alpacas), foxes, lizards, flamingos, eagles, seagulls, rheas, monkeys, and fishes includin g dolphins or sharks. One frequently occurring image is a caravan of llamas, one or more lines of between three and 80 animals in a row. Another frequent image is that of an amphibian, such as a lizard, toad or serpent; all of these are divinities in the Andean world connected to water rituals.Human figures occur in the geoglyphs and are generally naturalistic in form; some of these are engaged in activities ranging from hunting and fishing to sex and religious ceremonies. On the Arica coastal plains can be found the Lluta style of human representation, a body form with a highly stylized pair of long legs and a square head. This type of glyph is thought to date to AD 1000-1400. Other stylized human figures have a forked crest and a body with concave sides, in the Tarapaca region, dated to AD 800-1400. Why Were the Geoglyphs Built? The complete purpose of the geoglyphs is likely to remain unknown to us today. Possible functions include a cultic worship of mountains  or expressions of devotion to Andean deities; but Briones believes that one vital function of the geoglyphs was to store knowledge of safe pathways for llama caravans through the desert, including the knowledge of where salt flats, water sources, and animal fodder could be found. Briones terms these â€Å"messages, memories and rites† associated with the pathways, part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel, not unlike the rite known from many many cultures on the planet as pilgrimage. Large llama caravans were reported by Spanish chroniclers, and many of the representational glyphs are of caravans. However, no caravan equipment has been found in the desert to date (see Pomeroy 2013). Other potential interpretations include solar alignments. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Geoglyphs, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Briones-M L. 2006. The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archaeological and artistic perspective.  Antiquity 80:9-24. Chepstow-Lusty AJ. 2011. Agro-pastoralism and social change in the Cuzco heartland of Peru: a brief history using environmental proxies. Antiquity 85(328):570-582. Clarkson PB. Atacama Geoglyphs: Huge Images Created Across the Rocky Landscape of Chile. Online manuscript. Labash M. 2012. The Geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert: A bond of landscape and mobility. Spectrum 2:28-37. Pomeroy E. 2013. Biomechanical insights into activity and long distance trade in the south-central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40(8):3129-3140. Thanks to Persis Clarkson for her assistance with this article, and to Louis Briones for the photography.

Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector

Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector The article presents three arguments to the reader. First, it argues that organizational practices and changes in certain external factors affect attraction and retention of employees. The main challenges faced by organizations are due to changes in laws that govern industrial relations.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Employee Attraction and Retention in the Australian Resource Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, it argues that good organizational practices are important in attraction and retention of skilled employees. Thirdly, the article argues that it is necessary for organizations to diversify their workforce and address issues regarding balance between work and life for employees in order to attract and retain them. These arguments are built upon using a research study conducted in 2009. The study provides responses from employees concerning challenges they face at their workplaces, strategi es that managers use to attract and retain employees, and challenges managers face in attracting and retaining employees. The research also investigated how employees in the resource sector in Australia perceive the influence of changes in legislation. The article uses evidence of examination of strategise that can help to attract employees to advance the arguments. Such strategies include good employment practices and employee involvement in the resource sector. Finally, the article uses evidence form literature on attraction and retention of employees and good employment practices to further the arguments. The arguments presented in this paper are convincing because the evidence they present to build on them are reliable and valid. The survey presents data obtained from employees’ responses to questions whose answers validated the arguments. For example, the literature reviewed by authors of the article included past studies conducted by government agencies and professional writers. The article cites information from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). There are also citations from various writers such as Crawford, Frith, Cooper, Bailey et. al, and Knox who are professional and reliable writers. Information obtained from Australian Mines and Metals Association (AMMA) and The Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU) gives reason to believe that the information is accurate and applicable. The authors also cite literature from different professional authors who have studied the subject of employee attraction and retention for many years. They have also conducted several studies relating to the topic in past years.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, they cite the works of Vanderberg et al., Guest, Boxall, and Mackay that studies the role of high involvement work systems in retention of employees. In addition, they cite the works of Beauregard Henry, O’Halloran, and Erickson and Gratton that explore the role played by good employment practices in attracting and retaining skilled employees. The arguments could be improved by providing more statistical data from past research studies. This could include studies and surveys conducted by authors whose works have been cited in the article. In addition, the arguments could be improved by involving workers from other sectors of the economy. 97 % of workers who participated in the survey worked in either mining or gas and exploration industries. This could have resulted in biased results because other sectors of the economy were poorly represented. Evidence obtained from the survey is biased because it is not representative of all sizes of organizations. It focuses on medium sized and large corporations that have well-established human resource divisions. They could have included small organizations whose human resource divisions are not well established. This would aid in eradicating bias and giving more accurate and reliable information and data.

Bad Habits

Nose Picking Everybody picks their nose at times. Not everybody picks their nose in a public place where others might see them. Many people really dislike seeing someone pick their nose. It’s particularly offensive when the nose picker picks with relish, as though he were embarking on an exploring expedition to some unknown land. If you need to pick your nose, you should do it in private to avoid upsetting anybody else. Bear in mind that your car is not a public place. If you decide to pick your nose on the commute to work, people in other vehicles on the freeway will see you digging for gold. . Gross Eating A lot of people cannot abide bad table manners. They get offended if someone chews with their mouth open, talks while eating, clangs the cutlery against their teeth, or makes vile noises when masticating. Nobody wants to hear the noise of food slopping around inside your mouth, or listen to a sound that is reminiscent of someone stirring a pot of soggy semolina. Nothing you have to say is so important that it justifies showing other people the chewed up piece of steak you are currently attempting to eat. If you are eating in the presence of other people, it’s worth using some manners if you don’t want to annoy anyone. 3. Repetitive Noises Some people have the bad habit of making some kind of repetitive noise. For instance, you might tap your foot, flick your teeth, hit your pen against the side of the desk, sniff, or make a funny throat clearing sound. If a person has to listen to another individual make the same noise again and again day after day, it can start to get on their nerves fairly quickly. The repetitive noise you like to make may comfort you on a subconscious level, but it isn’t soothing for anybody else. 4. Stinking Farts Everybody has to pass gas at some point, but that doesn’t mean that other people want to smell the contents of your colon. Nobody likes to smell a fart. This is particularly true of a fart that is smelled in the public domain. Nothing is worse than walking down the aisle in a department store and finding yourself immersed in a cloud of someone else’s ghastly rectal gas, or standing in an elevator that smells like a recently-used toilet. If you have to break wind and you know you’re probably going to stink, go to the bathroom or at least do it in an empty space. 5. Constant Interruptions Some people just love to talk. They love to talk so much that they cannot let anyone else finish a sentence, or watch a movie in peace. When you are trying to say something and someone else cuts in all of the time, it gets annoying very quickly. If you interrupt someone in mid-sentence, you might as well tell them to shut up because what you have to say is more interesting. When you talk during a movie, you stop other viewers from being able to relax and enjoy it. Is what you have to say really so important that it’s worth annoying others and giving the impression that you are thoroughly rude? 6. Shouting Down the Cell Phone Cell phone technology is not new. It is now unusual not to have a cell phone. Thus most people have encountered at least one individual with an inclination to shout conversations down their cell phone while in a public setting such as an airport departure lounge or a restaurant. Cell phone shouters can be very irritating when you are trying to relax and enjoy your day. It almost seems as though they think their personal business is so enthralling that everybody wants to hear about it when the truth is that nobody else cares. When you must answer your cell phone in public, try to move to a quieter setting. For instance if you are in a restaurant, go outside to take your call. If you cannot go anywhere else, at least try to keep your voice down. 7. Mindless Chatter There are some people who are obviously uncomfortable with silence. In fact silence makes them feel so uneasy that they feel compelled to fill it with the sound of their own voice, even though they don’t have anything remotely important or significant to say. For a person that likes their own space and revers peace and tranquility, such mindless chatter can be incredibly vexing. If you sometimes feel inclined to converse about nothing in particular, or repeat something you said ten minutes ago just because nobody has said anything for a while, then don’t. Go and read a book or find something else to do. There is such a thing as companionable silence.

Dance assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Dance assignment - Essay Example He uses such common terms as â€Å"Yankee† to refer to Americans. This portrays the use of slang in the society at the time, a feature that has persisted to date as well. He describes New York as an ideal society where he once had fan especially at the junction of Broadway and 42nd. The intersection was a famous entertainment hub and a social center for the time. The use of ships as the main means of transport at the time makes the song antique thereby succeeding in placing it strategically in the time (Carter 67). Robert Louis "Bob" Fosse was yet another successful choreographer who influenced the development of the art not only in America but also internationally. He was an innovative and the most successful choreographer of the time. He for example won eight Tony Awards for choreography, an unprecedented achievement at the time. Key among his innovations was Redhead in which he fuses more than five dances to come up with a unique piece. The five included a ballet sequence, a gypsy dance and a cancan among other popular moves of the time. Infusing the more than five dance styles is a complicated process that requires dancers to adopt varying positions at various times during the dance. Dancers move sequentially and in rhythmic patterns. At other times, they move freely as they cover the stage space only to pair up once again. They change to sequential slow moves making twists and turns with their bodies depending with the varying crescendos of the song (Beddow 91). Bob Fosse did not only rep resent the life in the American society at the time but also influenced the cultural norms. His creations were both artistic and innovative. He, therefore, portrays the United States as a liberal society, one that fosters innovations. Bob Fosse and George M. Cohan are two distinct individuals who lived in different times. The differences in the social structure influence the differences in the works of the two. They

The effect of Dropping of the Atomic Bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

The effect of Dropping of the Atomic Bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Essay Example Bombing the two cities have altered the moral implications of the president who authorized the bombing, President Truman, from the will to continue in the war and since then has become the subject of intense and passionate debate even for generations to follow. Bombing the two cities caused intense harm and killed many people as well as destroying the environment and the offspring of the survivors. Many people have suffered deformities and mental disabilities as well as causing other forms of cancer ( Fleming and Yamazaki 5). This article describes the effects of the atomic bombings that were dropped in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. It also contains all the authentic information, which is available on the damaged structures, the injuries contained in personnel, and the moral effect of the bombing. According to Kyoko (5) dropping, the atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima at 8:15 A.M. on August 6, 1945, caused devastating damages to the cit y. More than 4 square miles of the city were instantaneously and completely destroyed. In addition, more than 66,000 people lost their lives in addition to causing injuries to more than 69,000 people. Later on August 9 the same year, exactly three days after the first bombing was carried out in Hiroshima, another bombing was carried out in Nagasaki at exactly 11:02 A.M. ... The resultant devastation led the country of Japan to be allowed to surrender under the terms of the Potsdam declaration of July 26 1945 that the country had previously ignored (Kyoko 5). Bombing both cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had similar effects. Fabricated structures as well as other inanimate structures were destroyed. The destruction of the above structures was because of blasts or pressures waves, which is mostly similar to that of normal waves. However, the waves caused by these bombings were intense due to the strategic location that they were dropped, a few meters before hitting the ground where by the pressures would be at their maximum. Moreover, this allowed the bombings to exact pressure on a large geographical area that in turn affected more people. Moreover, the destruction was because of primary fires, which started promptly due to the high temperature radiated from the atomic explosion. The high temperatures and fire caused many burns on the people of Hiroshima causing severe scalds that later caused loss of lives to the people of Hiroshima (Manhatt The Manhattan Engineer District 5). Bombing both Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities caused the collapse of buildings, damaging effect to electrical systems laid previously by the people of Japan, toppling of stoves, and other primary effects of the blast. Collapse of buildings caused many people to lose their lives, as the buildings would collapse on their dwellers killing them instantaneously. Moreover, people died because of the spread of fire from the bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The reaction of the atom when it was exposed to open oxygen caused an ignition that lighted the fire thus burning the burnings and the people in them. Many casualties in Nagasaki suffered severe

The new police model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The new police model - Essay Example This external force has existed throughout ancient societies. The tribal leaders in ancient times acted as judges and their servants executed punishments. Even in various tribal regions of the world this system still exists. The tribal leaders along with their followers act as a police force. The safeguard of the primary aim of society is the main purpose of these forces. The concept of police also defines or explains the aim of living in a society. The humans live in a society as a means of creating a system where they are safeguarded by threats. The police force plays the important role of safeguarding the society members against threats from within the society. Therefore the role of police has been crucial from the very beginning of human societies. In definition, the people who are given the job of enforcing the law are called police. This power is bestowed upon the police by the government and the society itself. The police force further comes into action when there is civil disorder or anarchy. The power of police is domestic. Therefore there is a jurisdiction or an area where this power is applicable and considered legal. The power of police therefore extends only to a certain region or a certain country. Many organizations have their own law enforcement agencies. The military for example has a police force which instead of a regional jurisdiction has an organizational jurisdiction. The role of any police force is defined best by the society itself. Only few decades ago police was used as a tool to strengthen the prejudicial system of ethnic discrimination. Therefore it can be said that police is not a tool of giving justice but in fact maintaining the current state of affairs or in other words order. There are many different stages of the development of the police system to the model currently being used in most countries. The current model however was

Men in Nursing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Men in Nursing - Literature review Example Such understandings can cause escalation in the understanding of the obstacles that influence the staffing and retaining of men in the occupation, and they are dynamic if nursing is to grow, not only staffing policies focused on males, but more significantly, retention strategies that address current and uninterrupted gender relations that impact all nurses lives. Historical accounts of the monastic movement, dating back to the fourth and fifth centuries, show that people of the male gender participated actively in the provision or nursing care and protection to the ailing as members of religious groups. The Command of St John of Jerusalem, an order of military knights or knight’s hospitallers was the first of many orders of nobility established in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Cavaliers of St John of Jerusalem who defended Jerusalem during the crusades, later provided protection to travelling pilgrims and also built hospitals and castles across Europe that served as both lodgings for pilgrims and places to nurse the sick. This order continues to operate as the St John Ambulance Link, an organization formed to offer people the necessary training required to caater for the health needs of the injured and ill, in 1877. Men as nurses also participated in non-military nursing orders such as the Brothers of St Anthony. This order, founded in 1095, cared for victims of erysipelas, a disfiguring skin disease later called St Anthony’s fire. Other orders included the Hospitallers of St John of God, founded in the late sixteenth century in Spain, and the Alexian Brothers, who became a religious order in 1472 (Kauffman 1976). The Alexians, an order of uneducated craftsmen, preached the word of God and provided basic healthcare to the lowly in society in ancient Europe (Kauffman 1976). It was a culture of the Alexians to burry the dead, and the ministry gained momentum and appreciation during the plague years of the fourteenth and fifteenth centurie s. With the final disappearance of the plague in the eighteenth century, the Alexian Brothers gained fame because of their work. The insignificant, but rising number of males in the nursing occupation does not herald a liberal integration of male and female sex roles. The confirmation presented in this paper proposes that even in female-conquered jobs such as nursing, male-controlled gender associations which reflect a tall estimate of all that is manlike and masculine, play an important role in situating an uneven number of males in managerial and elite department positions. At the core of this sex dynamic is the need to detach the masculine from the less valued female. Male harbors do this by staffing plans that allow them to detach themselves from female coworkers and the quintessential female image of nursing itself, as a precondition to uplifting their own status and authority. They are assisted in this mission by male-controlled cultural organizations that craft and spread mal e benefit, as well as by female nurses themselves who, deliberately or automatically, nurture the vocations of male coworkers (Wheeler 1991). The low status of women in a society controlled by the male gender is manifest in the female dominated occupation of nursing. Here, stereotypical feminine traits of nurturing, caring, dependence and submission

Business Ethics and Deontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics and Deontology - Essay Example Moreover, the field of ethics in the business module observes ethical controversies with regard to various social responsibilities within the business process and also includes the ethical conditions of the professional entities, the fundamental rights of the employees, employment discrimination and positive actions among other concerns (Scribd Inc., 2012). The objective of this paper is to identify three major ethical issues that were raised in the WorldCom case in its various business processes and to evaluate those issues using the deontological ethics guidelines. Moreover, the ethical issues faced by WorldCom will also be critically assessed through implementing Kant’s Categorical Imperative model of business ethics. Three Major Ethical Issues of WorldCom An ethical controversy significantly affected WorldCom during its business operations and most importantly upon its sustainability in the business market. The organization had faced financial distress during the scenario of US bankruptcy in the year 2001. However, WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy fortification after reporting its accounting irregularities of USD 11 billion. The accounting irregularities in WorldCom had resulted in its being prosecuted against security charges of many of the organization’s senior executives (Scharff, 2005). ...Corporate Acquisition Strategy of WorldCom The core business strategy of WorldCom was highly focused to develop the organizational growth through an effective acquisition strategy which was quite complex and a lengthy process of operation. Mergers and acquisitions process in an organization is a delicate process to efficiently execute and can cause various problems in order to effectively overcome the concerns (Cernusca, n.d.). WorldCom had performed 65 acquisitions worldwide through its effective business strategies and was regarded as one of the major business organizations in the telecommunication industry. WorldCom had spent almost USD 60 billion bet ween the years 1991 to 1997 in its acquisition processes and accumulated a debt amount of more than USD 40 billion (Moberg & Romar, 2012). The acquisition strategy of the organization significantly focused on acquiring larger firms across the different regions of the world. The acquired organizations facilitated WorldCom to achieve larger market share along with strengthening their core competencies, however, it was observed that WorldCom failed to generate desired profit from its acquired organizations. The major ethical issues were raised due to various types of accounting scandals as well as certain unethical practices in the accounting department of the organization (Davis, Miksiewicz, Nitta, Rothenberger, & Scalera, 2011).

The new police model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The new police model - Essay Example This external force has existed throughout ancient societies. The tribal leaders in ancient times acted as judges and their servants executed punishments. Even in various tribal regions of the world this system still exists. The tribal leaders along with their followers act as a police force. The safeguard of the primary aim of society is the main purpose of these forces. The concept of police also defines or explains the aim of living in a society. The humans live in a society as a means of creating a system where they are safeguarded by threats. The police force plays the important role of safeguarding the society members against threats from within the society. Therefore the role of police has been crucial from the very beginning of human societies. In definition, the people who are given the job of enforcing the law are called police. This power is bestowed upon the police by the government and the society itself. The police force further comes into action when there is civil disorder or anarchy. The power of police is domestic. Therefore there is a jurisdiction or an area where this power is applicable and considered legal. The power of police therefore extends only to a certain region or a certain country. Many organizations have their own law enforcement agencies. The military for example has a police force which instead of a regional jurisdiction has an organizational jurisdiction. The role of any police force is defined best by the society itself. Only few decades ago police was used as a tool to strengthen the prejudicial system of ethnic discrimination. Therefore it can be said that police is not a tool of giving justice but in fact maintaining the current state of affairs or in other words order. There are many different stages of the development of the police system to the model currently being used in most countries. The current model however was

Business Ethics and Deontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics and Deontology - Essay Example Moreover, the field of ethics in the business module observes ethical controversies with regard to various social responsibilities within the business process and also includes the ethical conditions of the professional entities, the fundamental rights of the employees, employment discrimination and positive actions among other concerns (Scribd Inc., 2012). The objective of this paper is to identify three major ethical issues that were raised in the WorldCom case in its various business processes and to evaluate those issues using the deontological ethics guidelines. Moreover, the ethical issues faced by WorldCom will also be critically assessed through implementing Kant’s Categorical Imperative model of business ethics. Three Major Ethical Issues of WorldCom An ethical controversy significantly affected WorldCom during its business operations and most importantly upon its sustainability in the business market. The organization had faced financial distress during the scenario of US bankruptcy in the year 2001. However, WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy fortification after reporting its accounting irregularities of USD 11 billion. The accounting irregularities in WorldCom had resulted in its being prosecuted against security charges of many of the organization’s senior executives (Scharff, 2005). ...Corporate Acquisition Strategy of WorldCom The core business strategy of WorldCom was highly focused to develop the organizational growth through an effective acquisition strategy which was quite complex and a lengthy process of operation. Mergers and acquisitions process in an organization is a delicate process to efficiently execute and can cause various problems in order to effectively overcome the concerns (Cernusca, n.d.). WorldCom had performed 65 acquisitions worldwide through its effective business strategies and was regarded as one of the major business organizations in the telecommunication industry. WorldCom had spent almost USD 60 billion bet ween the years 1991 to 1997 in its acquisition processes and accumulated a debt amount of more than USD 40 billion (Moberg & Romar, 2012). The acquisition strategy of the organization significantly focused on acquiring larger firms across the different regions of the world. The acquired organizations facilitated WorldCom to achieve larger market share along with strengthening their core competencies, however, it was observed that WorldCom failed to generate desired profit from its acquired organizations. The major ethical issues were raised due to various types of accounting scandals as well as certain unethical practices in the accounting department of the organization (Davis, Miksiewicz, Nitta, Rothenberger, & Scalera, 2011).

How might a Christian apply Essay Example for Free

How might a Christian apply Essay Through out Jesus teaching we see that justice, forgiveness and reconciliation are all the most important features of keeping the peace of the world. However war and conflict are two of the most significant issues in todays world and will be for many years to come therefore it is hard for a Christian to ignore this and know what is right or wrong. A current example of this is the international conflict in Iraq between many of the western countries. Blessed are peacemakers for they will be called the children of God. (Mt 5:9) This quotation is showing that a person who forgives and makes peace with any enemies will be rewarded by God although Christians have to live in a world where people often make war against each other. Therefore they have to develop an attitude to war campaigning against war and violence in various ways, using different examples from the scriptures to explain their position and different church teachings to help them through. Christians recognise that war is not compatible with the teachings of Jesus, as they believe in peace, and peace is essential for forgiveness to work. Jesus taught his follower to always love and respect, no matter how hard it may be they should forgive their enemies, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. The principle being that although good does not come from evil, destroying evil allows us to repair the damage and do well. For example, the catastrophic bombs were dropped on Japan and killed thousands, the disaster will never be forgotten but we see that Japan is now one of the most powerful countries in the world and there is peace. Iraq and the Allies were and still are at war. Christians are divided over this war; some believe that there is a moral case for war against Iraq to free the Iraqi people from evil whilst others feel that the people of Iraq are the most affected and something else could have been done to prevent war to reconcile the countries instead. The Pope declared that war is a defeat for humanity and no the way to solve the Iraqi situation, his diplomatic efforts accord with Catholic teachings as a war should be the last resort. However Gaudium et Spes contradicts the Pope, teaching that the war is just to protect the people of Iraq. S and C Danes once stated that, Peace is more than the absence of war. Peace is the effect of righteousness. A just war is one that must be fought but is conducted to certain conditions, they are designed to prevent a war and to limit its effect on people. Christians agree that anyone who engages in war should do so only after every other means have been worn out. In the past there have been many occasions when Christians have fought wars and when Christians countries have fought each other. We see this is wrong because Jesus taught this; A new commandment I give you; to love one another. As I have loved you. Pacifists believe that all war is wrong and support that; for example, Jesus called the Kingdom of God the peaceful solution. Also Lord Donald Sopers pacifism led him to being banned from broadcasting during the Second World War showing that his beliefs and feelings were very strong and he would stand up to what he believed was right, Violence is always wrong and doesnt always create new beginnings and solve problems. In 1980 there was a conflict that arose between Iraq and Iran, America and the West came to the aid of Saddam Hussein in this war, supporting a moderate bulwark against Islam. This war lasted until 1988 and the Iraqi government expected the war debts to be written off as they had justifiably defended the entire Middle East against Islamic radicalism. The Christian response should have been to help aid CAFOD and other Catholic organisations. However, Bishop David Konstant argues No war is just and reconciliation and justice are the only two grounds for true and lasting peace. To be reconciled with God , Christians must be able to forgive and to be reconciled with each other, as there is no peace with out justice and no justice without forgiveness.

An Overview of Neo Colonialism

An Overview of Neo Colonialism What is Neo-colonialism? Discuss with reference to specific examples. Neo-colonialism is the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means. The term neo-colonialism was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial -like exploitation-for instance, in Latin America, where direct foreign rule had ended in the early 19th century. (halperin, n.d.) When the Queen of Britain felt that her duty her duty is to extend the model of government and culture to other parts of the world. Hence, she started neo-colonizing while exploited the resources of all such colonies. This happened primarily not with the white colonies. These were usually self-governed colonies with large number of settlers. The main problem makers or rebellions were only brown colonies which were dealt with a divide and rule policy together with a string of home treaties with sociable splinter groups who had their hidden interest involved to gain much from continued British Rule; like the Indian maharajas. Examples of neo-colonialism have been studied in most corners of the world since the end of the Second World War. In fact, its difficult to find a place that scholars do not claim has been subject to cultural imperialism of some sort since 1945. From Egypt to Belize to India to Britain to the United States of Americaall of these countries have observed some sort of influence over their culture from another country (Reid 57; Everitt 42; Altbach 902; Cooper and Cooper 61). This is hardly a surprise; after all, globalization is no secret. Cultural imperialism and hegemony, however, are not concepts that can be described so simply as globalization. Neo-colonialism, the modern colonialism, has emerged as an influential force; used by powerful countries for a variety of reasons, it is continually shaping not only individual cultures, but the global culture. There are two terms that most completely bring out the subtleties of neo-colonialism: cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony. Cultural imperialism is best summarized as the way that certain cultural products have attained a position of dominance in a foreign culture through a process of coercive imposition, usually through their ties to political or economic power (Dunch 302). While imperialism is characteristically determined by military control, this is definitely not the case with cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism also differs slightly from the idea of cultural hegemony, which is an aspect of Marxist philosophy that calls attention to the promotion of one culture over another with the objective of that the ruling class worldview becomes the norm. This cultural assimilation is particularly useful in that it creates a situation ripe with potential for the economic benefit of the ruling class. By persuading the subordinate group that the profits from agreement outweigh the losses of not working together, the ruling culture is able to maintain their superior status (Schultz 275). It is the intertwin ing and collective definition of these related concepts -cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony that paint the ultimate picture of neo-colonialism and cross-cultural promotion in the interests of one country, often at the expense of another. It exists the power exercising control is often the State which formerly ruled the territory in question, but this is not necessarily so. For example, in the case of South Vietnam the former imperial power was France, but neo-colonial control of the State has now gone to the United States. It is possible that neo-colonial control may be exercised by a consortium of financial interests which are not specifically identifiable with any particular State. The control of the Congo by great international financial concerns is a case in point.The means by which a country may impose an unequal cultural relationship on another are wide ranging, but economics is by far the most common tool used in neo-colonialism (Petra 139). By providing monetary support and forming economic partnerships, the financial institutions, governments, and particularly the multinational corporations of the colonizing power ingratiate themselves to their subjects and integrate them into their own capitalist system. Th ere are two particular concepts that deeper explore this culturally hegemonic relationship. One is another Marxist theory, complimentary to cultural hegemony, which is understood as dependency theory. This theory declares that by the penetration of multinational corporations, economic sanctions, partnerships, and the like, developed countries intentionally foster and enforce a culture within developing countries that is economically dependent on their own. Dependency theory contends that the weaker nation is further impoverished to the benefit of the stronger country due to the subsequent capitalist use of the weaker countrys resources and labour. This practice continues because of the strong hegemony of the colonizing power. A concept that is similar, yet more functionalist than dependency theory is the world systems theory. This theory says that the world is divided into segments of a powerful core, a moderate semi-periphery, and weak periphery nations. The three categories of nat ions each engage in neo-colonialism with varying degrees of success on the other two kinds of nations. Essentially, world systems theory explains how the core can dominate and take control of the resources and labour supplied by the periphery for a profit. Just as in dependency theory, the core benefits because of these mechanics. Dissimilar to dependency theory, however, the peripherys marginal benefits are acknowledged since they are provided with some economic gain. World systems theory can definitely be extended to the broader methods of neo-colonialism if we think of the cultures of the core and periphery in the same way we would otherwise think of their economies. In the present era, we can also look to two key case studies of neo-colonialism: Sino-African relations and The United States of America as an economic power. To this day, more than one million Chinese are African residents, and Chinese investment in Africa exceeds 40 billion dollars. They have spread their money and culture throughout the continent, and are now trading in excess of 166 billion dollars per year with Africa; securing 50 billion in minerals. Africa receives goods in return, and most of these goods support further resource extraction and industrial development. While this relationship was once seen as quite exploitive, views are changing as China fosters goodwill in these nations with more equitable agreements (Africa and China). Similar Chinese examples of economic neo-colonialism have been identified all over the world, from Canada to Ecuador (Kay; Scheneyer and Perez). The United States of America is another core country that is heavily invested in neo-colonial pursuits. One of the most astute concepts that illustrates the worldwide flow of American culture by mostly economic means is called Coca-Colonization. This concept calls attention to Coca-Colas global pervasiveness as a symbol for the Americanization of nearly every corner of the earth (Kuisel 98). Through huge multinational corporations such as Coca-Cola, American values and culture have been strongly infused all over the world. As one of the most influential countries in the world, there are certainly many other tools that America uses to engage in neo-colonialism, (including many of the ones already mentioned), but economics and multi-national corporations are by far the most commonly referenced (Petras 2070). These historical examples, and others like them, provide a solid basis for examining the exact motivations that nations might have for their neo-colonial pursuits. This is because they show how core countries have benefitted from the cultural assimilation of the periphery, and identifying these benefits then exposes their motivations. Indeed, there are inherent economic benefits for powerful nations to realize as a result of their cultural imperialism: core countries can expand their business to the nations theyve culturally assimilated and also make use of the low-cost resources and labour that they are able to obtain from the periphery. Often times, the subordinate culture becomes dependent (as described by dependency theory) on these foreign operations within their own borders; they rely on outside multinationals for jobs and goods. Because of this dependency, the core is able to set low wages and prices for raw goods and operate at a high profit. As such, these practices pay off financially for the multinational corporations and (by the extension of taxes) the governments of the colonizing power. It can be concluded that the substantial fin ancial gain to be had as a result of neo-colonialism is definitely a motivating factor. While financial profit is one of the most straightforward ways that a nation can benefit from neo-colonialism, there are more motivations that might cause a country to engage in these pursuits. One of these is national security. Just as in the Cold War, nations have an interest in fostering goodwill and dependence in other parts of the world; creating allies and dependent states that would not go to war against them, or support them in the event of the war. Another motivating factor is to acquire resources. As the worlds population multiplies, valuable resources are being stretched thin. Growing countries such as China and India need to secure access to fuel and food to provide for their citizens, and neo-colonialism has been shown to allow them the influence to negotiate access to these resources. Diplomatic power also seems to be a reason to engage in neo-colonialism; countries that have similar cultures are likely to agree and vote identically on international issues. Even if they dont agree, countries that are dependent on another nation may feel obligated to act in the wishes of their neo-colonizer, as a derogatively titled puppet state. The new face of colonialism has shown itself in a wide variety of places around the world, and we can see that countries have benefited in various ways; exposing their motivations. It is also important to look at future implications should these activities continue. Cultural homogenization (most commonly referred to as globalization) is perhaps the most powerful force affecting the global landscape today. For instance, estimates include a ninety percent reduction in the number of languages spoken around the world by the year 2100 while others clearly show that the number of speakers will be highly concentrated in a handful of languages by this time (Ryan; Graddol 27). Global trends such as these are directly related to the practice of neo-colonialism. While the future prevalence of some languages is due to rising populations, it is no surprise that the languages at the top of these lists also have homelands that are known for engaging in neo-colonialism in the past and present. So, while the term globalization seems to indicate that the result is a diverse global culture, the reality is that this ongoing homogenization of ethos is more composed of the cultures that are most aggressive in neo-colonial pursuits. The core nations culturally imperialistic practices reduce the influence of other cultures and strengthen the influence of their own, indeed leading to a global culture that is more comprised of the core than the periphery. If neo-colonialism continues to be practiced, then the current situation of nations can be expected to expand. Many will be quick to point out that the periphery nations benefit in the same way as the core; that they would be a lot worse off should they limit their relationship with the core, and that their loss of culture is not all that significant (Bowen 179). Still more point out that these benefits are marginal, and require that the periphery countries submit to the exploitive objectives of the core pointing primarily to the issue of human rights, they contend that the wages received and benefits incurred (cultural or otherwise) are not nearly enough to compensate for the capitulated resources, labour, autonomy and culture; especially when considering the relative profits of the core (Koshy 26). Most agree that relatively small cultures will eventually be washed out by the cultures of the most powerful nations; that human rights issues must continue to be questioned. If neo-colonialism continues to perpetuate itself in this way, there is little hope that conditions will change for these nationsthe core will remain at the core, and the periphery and semi-periphery will struggle to flourish. This school of thought is quite large, and has given most of the terms already discussed an overwhelmingly negative connotation. However, as already mentioned in the case of Sino-African relations, the core is beginning to realize their own dependency on the periphery which is slowly improving these human rights conditionsthough the general cultural assimilation remains. The modern colonialism benefits countries that spread their culture throughout the world. The tools employed by those countries to this end are varied, ranging from economics to education. As beneficiaries of the financial, military, diplomatic, and resource stability that comes from having nations culturally assimilated to them, there seems to be no reason for powerful core nations to cease in their neo-colonial activities. Illustrated by concepts such as dependency theory, world systems theory, and Coca-Colonization, the forces of cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony are contributing to the globalized world in a way that favours the most powerful of nationsfor better or for worse.

B. F. Skinner Essays -- Psychology Psychological Skinner Essays

B.F. Skinner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was the study of behaviorism.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  First began by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Psychology B.F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1904. Skinner was the father of modern behaviorism. Skinner did not get into psychology until he was in graduate school at Harvard. He was driven to Psychology after reading about the experiments of Watson and Pavlov. He received his doctoral degree in three years and taught at the University of Minnesota and the University of Indiana and finally returned to his alma mater at Harvard. Skinner contributed to psychological behaviorism by performing experiments that linked behaviors with terms commonly used to describe mental states. Skinner was responsible for some famous experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. Skinner also wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describe s the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement. Skinner was a very productive person until his death in 1990 at the age of 86.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science.â€Å" There are various types of behavior, such as innate behavior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors that we are born with, such as eating when we are hungry and sleeping when we are tired. Early Life Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904 to William Arthur and Grace Madge Skinner. Skinner also had a younger brother named Edmond James Skinner, born November 6, 1906. At the young age of sixteen, Edmond died of a cerebral aneurysm. .    .. ...nd that behavior is modifiable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In another of Skinner’s famous works he talks about his three-part thesis on human behavior. He believed that biology, genotype, and conditioning all work together in natural selection and in the development of social environments. His life was going very well, He had a good family, two children and wife. He also had a good job teaching Psychology at his alma mater, Harvard University. Before his death in 1990 when he died at the age of 86 of leukemia that he had contracted when he was younger. Even when he was dying he still delivered a paper to the American Psychological Association. His work and theories always will be looked at and studied. B.F. Skinner was one of the most important American psychologists ever. He was known as the father of operant conditioning. Skinner’s experiments have paved the way for many ideas and theories that may be developed by future generation psychologists. He was responsible for writing many books that also have he lped in understanding behaviorism. He tried to explain how human behavior would change if the environment were manipulated. In my opinion, Skinner was one of the most well known psychologists.

Nuclar Energy Pros Essays -- essays research papers fc

In our society, nuclear energy has become one of the most criticized forms of energy by the environmentalists. Thus, a look at nuclear energy and the environment and its impact on economic growth. Lewis Munford, an analyst, once wrote, "Too much energy is as fatal as too little, hence the regulation of energy input and output not its unlimited expansion, is in fact one of the main laws of life." This is true when dealing with nuclear power. Because our societies structure and processes both depend upon energy, man is searching for the most efficient and cheapest form of energy that can be used on a long term basis. And because we equate power with growth, the more energy that a country uses, -the greater their expected economic growth. The problem is that energy is considered to have two facets or parts: it is a major source of man-made repercussions as well as being the basis of life support systems. Therefore, we are between two sections in which one is the section of "resource availability and waste", and the other "the continuity of life support systems pertinent to survival." Thus, the environmentalists believe that nuclear energy should not be used for various reasons. First of all, the waste product, i.e. plutonium, is extremely radioactive, which may cause the people who are working or living in or around the area of storage or use, to acquire leukemia and other cancers. They also show how billions of dollars are spent yearly on safety devices for a single reactor, and this still doesn't ensure theimpossibility of a "melt down." Two examples were then given of Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, in 1979, when thousands of people were killed and incapacitated. Finally, the environmentalists claim that if society wastes less energy, and develops the means to use the energy more efficiency, then there would be a definite decrease in the requirement for more energy producing plants. On the other hand, some business men and economists say that the present conditions should be kept intact, as the other forms of energy, e.g. oil, natural gas and coal, are only temporary, in dealing with surplus, and give off more pollution with less economic growth. Concurrently, countries wanted a more reliable, smokeless form of energy not controlled by OPEC, and very little uranium was required to produce such a high amount of res... ...ote, nuclear power "threatens the present and forecloses the future. It is unethical, and inferior to non-fission futures that enhance survival for humans, alive and yet to be born, and nature, with all its living entities." Therefore, in conclusion, it is clearly evident why nuclear energy should be abandoned, even though it may be considered as economically sound, and that we should concentrate more on conservation and quality rather than expansion as we have done in the past. Footnotes: 1. Nuclear Energy: The Unforgiving Technology. Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers, 1976. Page 201. 2. Knelman, Page 202. 3. Knelman, Page 234. Bibliography: 1. Nuclear Energy: The Unforgiving Technology. Fred Knelman, Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton, Alberta. 1976. 2. Economic Thinking and Pollution Problems. Edited by D.A.L. AULD, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario. 1972. 3. Nuclear Energy: Solution or Suicide. Edited by Carol C. Collins, Facts on File Publications. New York, New York. 1984. Thesis: A look at nuclear energy and the environment and why it is one of the most criticized forms of energy - when it has great possibilities in economic growth.

Novel Critique: Will Grayson, Will Grayson Essay

One winter night in Chicago, two teenage boys named Will Grayson met by chance in an adult entertainment shop. They were both juniors in high school but they live in different suburbs. The book is told through alternating chapters between the two Will Graysons with John Green writing one and David Levithan the next. Their styles of writing are similar yet different enough which did not make it seem repetitive. John Green’s Will Grayson was written in normal type while David Levithan’s was written in all lowercase, which made the story more interesting. John Green’s Will Grayson believes that all problems and pains in life could be avoided by keeping quiet and not caring. Tiny Cooper, his best friend, is a proof of what heartache can do. Tiny is always in love with different boys and always have his heart broken. Tiny Cooper was a very perfect addition to the story. Him being John’s Will’s best friend and him meeting David’s Will and then them having a thing for each other, really helped the two Will Graysons in figuring out who they are. On the other hand, David Levithan’s Will Grayson is very anxious and does not have any real friends, except for a boy online who he’s in love with. When the two Will Graysons finally met, it seems like it is the most random thing that has ever happened. Though they only interacted a bit, when they did it was both so awkward and at the same time comfortable. The fact that meeting each other reminded â€Å"It’s hard to believe in coincidence but it’s even harder to believe in anything else.† them that just because they are both named Will Grayson does not mean their names define them, and that there are tons of people with the same out in the world, too. John Green’s Will Grayson does not want too much attention drawn to him, which did not exactly work for his best friend, Tiny Cooper. Tiny Cooper, his quest to make the world better though his musical and his and Will’s friendship is really just wonderful. David Levithan’s Will Grayson is angry and sarcastic but as the story progresses, readers would get to see the different sides of him. Also, he did not fit into any typical stereotype of a gay teen. In fact, in the conversation between the authors found at the end of the book, it is very interesting how David Levithan explained how he wanted his Will Grayson to be in the middle of things and also explained that Will writes in all lowercase because he sees himself as a lowercase person. The book blatantly attacks a lot of issues in the modern teenage world, and a lot of it is actually very harsh. At some points, it could be a little bit uncomfortable but it is the authors’ willingness to speak the truth. In a winter full of love, fake IDs, weird band names, two Will Graysons, and an epic musical about love and all the things about Tiny Cooper – Will Grayson, Will Grayson is really a hilarious novel about things that we cannot choose. While some humorous books are just humorous, Will Grayson, Will Grayson also touches on bigger issues that are relevant especially to teenagers nowadays.

Problem Young Adult Faced in Education Today

Problem young adults face in education today. Education is essential for everyone. It is the level of education that helps people earn respect and recognition. In my opinion, education is undeniable important for every single person. It goes without saying that education has a positive effect on human life. All people need to study. Only with the advent of education can people gain knowledge and enlarge their view over the world. For young adults, it is definitely necessary for them to continue their tertiary education either in private colleges or universities after completed secondary education.However, there are quite a number of problems that young adults face in education today, particularly in the aspect of financial situation, pressures of studying and peer pressures. Undoubtedly, financial condition turns out to be a major problem for young adults who wish to pursue their tertiary education in private colleges or universities nowadays. The expenses in such private colleges or universities are usually quite big in number because those expenses include tuition fees, resource fees, examination fees and so on.For some young adults, they come from weaker sections of the society and the financial situation of their house is not good enough. If a young adult is not financially equipped, it may obstruct his or her study. Furthermore, some young adults who are already studying in colleges or universities might also need to do a part time job for their own pocket money. In such situation, they have to divide their time properly so that they can balance up their work and studies. Otherwise, they may not be able to concentrate in their study and fail in some particular subjects.In short, financial condition is one of the problems young adults face in education nowadays. Besides, study curriculum has become more extensive and complex than ever before. Consequently, pressures of studying for young adults keep increasing from day to day. They also have to always bear in mind that their parents are paying for their education and there is no reason for them to fail or obtain bad results in any subjects. Thinking of that, young adults will try to do their very best and start giving themselves pressures because they are afraid of letting their parents and family down.Coursework and assignment distributed by lecturers might burdened them too if they do not know how to organize their work and time. In order to obtain results, young adults have to work very hard in every coursework and exam. To be frank, pressures are undeniable in studies but sometimes these pressures seem to be too heavy for some young adults who do not know how to manage their studies well. Moreover, peer pressure is also one of the problems faced by young adults in education. One of the peer pressures is the competition of results among friends.They are usually afraid of failing. Those who are studying know very well that the time of exams is very stressful and difficult. Some even find exam so bad that they become ill. From the other view, peer influence is also significant. For example, some of the young adults’ friends might develop an addiction for drugs, drinks and smoke. Those friends might affect the others to try them. If the others do not want to try them, they might get boycott. Young adults’ curiosity and being afraid of getting boycotted from the peers will cause them to try those unhealthy things.These example shows that young adults also face the problem of peer pressures in education today. In a nutshell, education is absolutely beneficial for society on the whole. It is life-long processes to each person that need to be reinforced throughout life. Despite of those problems faced in education, young adults should figure out solutions to solve every problem they faced so that they could be stronger to face the challenges in the future. They should always benefit their time with beneficial activities so that they can be well prepare d for their future.